Showing posts with label 1939-September. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1939-September. Show all posts

Monday, October 17, 2011

Murray to Henry Victor Morgan, Bulgaria and Romania, 11 August 1939



Dear Dad:
It’s a long way back up the Danube to the little spot on the bank where I sat and watched the Bulgarian fishermen as I typed my last letter to you, but I'm going to try to make it up now. ...

...

The Bulgarians are the poorest and the unluckiest people in the Balkans. They have been particularly unsuccessful in war, and every time they attempt to get back some of their old territory they lose another slice from the ever-diminishing core that is left. The seeds of their territorial discontent carefully nurtured by Germany, the Bulgarians are now particularly strenuous in their demands that Dorbrudja be returned to them by Roumania who grabbed it at the close of the second Balkan War, which preceded by a year or two the World War. It is typical of the dilemma which Bulgaria finds herself in that her friend Germany is also her greatest potential enemy. The fact that all Bulgarians who consider the matter realize this does not make it any easier to decide what to do.

...

Before 1933 Germany bought about a quarter of Bulgaria's produce. Since 1935 she has taken more than half of it. The rub is this. Germany is in a position to ruin Bulgaria's economy simply by refusing for one year to buy Bulgarian goods. Because she has threatened to do this, Germany can dictate to Bulgaria's policy-forming officials. ... But the thinking about such things is done by city folk. Plodding ever in the background of the country are the farmers, dirt-poor tillers of poor dirt. All day they work in their tiny fields, many of them without the aid of draft animals, and the women often toil far into the night making baskets and pots and dishes for the markets of Sofia as well as dresses for themselves and suits for the men. These hardworking, poverty ridden men and women are Bulgaria. 



Twelve days ago we left the Romur lying beside the Roumanian navy at Girgiu, expecting to be back to see it in not more than five days. We still hope to get back to the river tomorrow, but one can never tell what will happen to plans in this country. We spent most of the morning we arrived in Girgiu trying to get registered with the police, and then we began to worry about where we could leave our boat while we took the two-hour rain ride to Bucharest. Eventually the Commander of the Roumanian Armed Forces on the Danube came up to say that we could moor the Romur by the side of a Roumanian warship, where the sailors would see that nothing happened to it. The warship turned out to be an overgrown tug with a few armored plates and a twenty-two with elephantiasis mounted forward, but the offer was more than willingly accepted.

Since no train left till late afternoon, the commander decided he ought to entertain us. I don't know whether he realized the humor of it, but he took us on a boat ride on the Danube. We went putting along in an outboard motorboat while all the soldiers along the shore saluted. It made us feel quite important. They don't salute the Romur, for some strange reason. We finally putt-putted up to a swimming beach and spent the afternoon drinking lemonades and trying to converse with the Commander in mongrel German-French.

...

Bucharest, though historically fairly old, is really a mushroom city. It has more than quadrupled in size since the World War, and for the most part it has done a good job architecturally of its expansion. The tall buildings are well laid out and there seems to be no real problem of congestion, even at rush hours. 

Murray and Rosa were taken under the wing of an Embassy undersecretary who took them out dinner and a nightclub, took them home for lunch the next day, and introduced them to several people in Bucharest.  

Rosa in her Romanian embroidered blouse
 ...Later in the day we went to the National Bureau of Tourism to look up a fellow named Dico Maxim. D.D. Dimancescu had given us an introduction to him, but for some reason we had expected Maxim to turn out to be a pompous puffy-pants. Instead Dico was an athletic young fellow of 27, a sportsman, aviator, journalist who looked like a cross between Gary Cooper and Noel Coward. Dico, who soon become "Dick," invited us to spend the rest of the afternoon at his yacht club, and also broke the pleasant news that Dimancescu was in town for a few days. 


Dico spoke pretty good English, and we asked him about it. Not long ago, he told us, a young American girl from Boston was in Bucharest and she offered to teach him the language. In two months of intensive instruction he became almost letter perfect. He also became divorced.


Clare Boothe Luce, 1937, photo by Carl Van Vechten
... In the evening Dimancescu drove up with a couple of other Americans who had flown into town, including Clare Booth, the author of "The Women," one of the most successful plays in recent years in America. I sat next to her at dinner ... [where she entertained him with racist stories about a "buck negro" and a "big strapping Jew" who became the main character in her play "A Margin for Error."]


It was nearly one when the dinner was over, and it must have been after five when Dico drove us up to the Ambassador Hotel. I went to bed and stayed there for three days, running a fever ... We called a doctor the second day and he decided I had infected bowels and he gave me some pills, but I really think it was sleep I needed. Anyway I got plenty of it, and now I feel strong as an ox again.


There is another kid from the University of Washington in town here. He had found a little Hungarian pension just down the street a couple of blocks were we could both live and eat three meals a day for a combined total of eighty cents.



Thursday, October 6, 2011

England declares war; Morgans are startled -- Murray to Frank Sadler, September 4, 1939



Bucharest, Roumania

Dear Frank,
Yesterday England declared war on Germany and not one of the Roumanian papers bothered to put out an "extra." Despite the fact that the flamboyant headlines of the Roumanian press have been shouting or asking war (Razboi! Razboi?) for the past few weeks, its actual outbreak couldn't start the newspaper presses turning or the linotype clicking on a Sunday.

Rumors that England had actually declared war began to circulate yesterday afternoon about 2 o'clock, but Bucharest has always been a city of harrowing hearsay and the war-talk whispers were generally dismissed. Other Rumors said that France had declared itself neutral, that London was under bombardment, that India had revolted, that Goering was assassinated, that Mussolini had been stabbed by the Prince of Piedmont, and that King George was abdicating. By four o'clock the story of the outbreak of war had gained general credence. It spread like brushfire from coffee house to coffee house, down the Caliea Victoriei, up the Boulevard Elisabetta, down the Boulevard Bratianu.


Boulevard Bratianu, 1930s

https://unknownbucharest.com/old-photos-of-bucharest/#jp-carousel-75617

credit: Cristina Iosif, unknownbucharest.com 
Rosa and I heard it in three different coffee houses where we stopped for chocolate viennoise during our Sunday promenade. Deciding that there must be something in it, we finally hurried back to the little pension where with another young American and an Australian couple we form an English language minority. 

Already at the pension when we arrived were Howard and Judy, the Australians, and Paul, our fellow American, who played half at Ohio State not so long ago. While we were twisting the dials another English speaking pair dropped in: Jack and Mary, as English as roast beef, whom we had met in Transylvania. The first words we heard from the B.B.C. announcer were:

"There was no reply to the demands of His Majesty's government. Consequently, since 11 o'clock this morning, a state of war has existed between Great Britain and Germany."

It had started. We all looked at each other in amazement for somehow the calm of the Roumanians and our own innate capacity for self-deception had convinced all of us that the war would not break out. Even the bombers over Warsaw had not convinced us that war was inevitable. We were stunned.
Then Paul broke the silence.

"Nuts, boys. Let's go to bed and grow beards for duration of the war." [Paul Hampton Morrill served in the U.S. Army Air Corps and later published a book on psychological interpretations of Edward Arlington Robinson and became president of Park College in Missouri.]

Jack pulled a sick grin and remarked, "Our tickets home are by way of Germany. Going to enlist, Howard?"

Judith and Howard Daniel at Trout Lake
 "Enlist! I might have been persuaded to fight for Czechoslovakia, but why should I do battle to keep Poland's right to persecute the Jews and Ukrainians and, for that matter, the Polish peasants. Besides, it's not just that I'm a pacifist. It's too damn dangerous." [In fact, Howard had come to Romania after smuggling endangered art works and people, including his wife Judith, who was Jewish, out of Berlin. He was widely rumored to have been a spy for the Allies.]

"You’re lucky," Jack answered. "You're an Australian and they can't draft you. For my part, I'm wondering if I can't enlist in the Egyptian army. If this is going to be a long war, there's nothing I'd like better than to spend my time picking sand out of my fingernails and trying to figure out the inscrutable smile of the Sphinx." [Jack and Mary returned to Dover, and Jack served in the British Army. From clues in his letters, Murray thought he was part of the Normandy invasion force.]

The first effects of the war have been to completely dislocate the international system of transportation. For the past week Rosa and I have been trying to make arrangements for returning to America after we have completed our Danube paddle, but all our plans have been checked by the closing of some frontier or by the cancellation of important tickets. Today we were informed by Cook's that they wouldn't know anything about trans-Atlantic boats for about a week.

The American consulate here is swamped. About a week ago it sent out a letter to all American citizens residing in Roumania. Although it was supposed to be advice to leave the country, the letter actually was a masterpiece of circumlocution:

"The general situation in Europe ... suggests the advisability on the part of all Americans in Roumania of considering whether they should make arrangements to leave the country.

"The decision as to what step should be taken by Americans to ensure their safety is one which must be reached by each individual concerned. While the Legation is desirous of rendering at all times every possible assistance to American citizens, it does not have facilities which warrant undertaking responsibility for your evacuation in case that the necessity thereof should later arise. Obviously no one can foresee the rapidity with which this situation may develop to the point where means of transportation will be interrupted..."

We went to the consulate to talk with two friends about war news rather than to seek help in leaving the country, for at present Roumania seems to be as safe a spot as one could hope for in Europe. If things get too hot here we will go to Greece or Turkey. We had thought about Russia, but the frontier between Roumania and the U.S.S.R. is to all intents and purposes closed.

While we were at the consulate we met a handsome young fellow whose luck is so bad that it makes our problems seem simple. Ten years ago he went to the U.S. as an immigrant. He did well in business in New York, married and now has a two year old boy. Last month he decided to bring his younger brother to the States to complete his education at Carnegie Tech. The fellow came to Roumania to bring his brother back. He forgot that Roumania still had claims on him as a citizen. No sooner did he arrive than he was called up for military service. It will be at least four years before he can return to the States. The American Consulate cannot help him.

The consular services of all countries in the Balkans do not seem to be very helpful. Howard went to the British consulate today to see if he could borrow money to get him back to Australia. After a two hour talk, the assistant consul offered to loan him 1,000 lei -- about $3.00!

As ever,

Murray

Saturday, October 1, 2011

80 Years Ago in Europe -- the fall of 1939

News Review: "The first British Newsmagazine," October 12, 1939


Murray and Rosa spent about a month in Holland, waiting for a ship and a convoy that could get them home. They didn't have a lot to do besides read newspapers and magazines and wonder what would come next.




Haagsche Courant, The Hague, September 1939







Sunday, September 11, 2011

A different September 11: 1939, Bucharest, Romania -- "You had better get out of here"



Murray and Rosa got married March 5, 1939 and left for Europe on a freighter that same day. He was 23, she was 20. Their plan was to buy a kayak, learn how to paddle it, and take it down the Danube to the Black Sea. They almost made it. This letter to Murray's childhood best friend Frank Sadler describes the end of the river trip.

Dear Frank,
The Roumanians have persuaded us to discontinue our paddle to the Black Sea, but they had to toss Rosa and me in jail yesterday to put the clincher on their argument.

For the last week Rosa and I had been debating whether we should call off the paddle, fold up our boat, and start at once for home. The last 400 kilometers of the Danube are very slow and abound with mosquitoes, but we didn’t even figure that in our decision to quit. Slow water and biters wouldn’t be enough to cause us to stop when we are so near to our real destination. Our new worries rose from the war.

A few days ago I asked a Roumanian official what he thought of our going down the river now that the war had started.

I don't know who the woman in the middle is.
“The Bulgarian border patrol would probably shoot you,” he replied.

Not exactly encouraged, I asked one of our friends at the American Legation what he thought.

“Listen,” he said, “The Roumanians are nice people, but the boys they have watching over the river are young and excitable. They’re just as likely to shoot first and ask any questions that come to their minds later. Besides it isn’t going to be long before all hell breaks loose in this section and you had better get out of here while there are still some frontiers open.”

That made a lot of sense to us, but we still wanted to paddle that last 400 kilometers. When we took the train for Giurgiu yesterday, Rosa and I still hadn’t reached a definite decision. We were going to see how we felt when we saw the boat. Our passport was at the Ministry of Propaganda getting stamped with the official exit visa and our arrangements for tickets home are nearly complete, so we thought we might be able to spare five days and dash down the river to Vilkov, the Black Sea port.


When we had landed at Giurgiu we had not counted on the cheapness of living in Roumania or the many attractions of Bucharest and its hinterland. We had told the commandant of the port that we would be back in three or four days, and he had given us permission to leave our faltboat beside his flagship—an armed tug which was used for river patrol duty. That was five weeks ago.

The train from Bucharest goes only as far as the city of Giurgiu. The port, which is government property, lies about three miles away. Rosa and I hired a droshky and told the driver to take us to the commandant’s office. We got as far as the bridge which crosses a small tributary of the Danube, just below the quays of the port, when our troubles started.

One of the soldiers on guard at the bridge wanted to see our passports. I told him in English, French, German, and pig-Latin that our passport was in Bucharest at the office of the Ministry of Propaganda being stamped with an exit visa. He was both polite and firm. We must go back to police headquarters in the city. He came with us.

At police headquarters we were allowed to cool our heels in an anteroom for about half an hour before being ushered into a tiny office and the presence of an official in a worn khaki uniform which would have looked better with a little washing. So would the official. We were told he could speak French, but someone had been fooling him—or maybe we were wrong. Anyway, it didn’t sound like French to us.

Murray's father and Rosa's mother were back in Tacoma, waiting for news.  
 
Our inability to understand him must have looked suspicious to the little functionary. He glared for awhile, began to shout, and finally, when I thought that he would burst or pop an eye out of its socket, he jumped up and left the room.
 
Another long wait, and then we were led into the office of the local big shot. I don’t know his position, but he was either chief of police or representative  of the federal  government for the district. He spoke both French and German and we had no trouble making him understand us.

I explained that we had a boat down by the river, that we wanted to take it away, and that our passport was in Bucharest. I suggested that he telephone either the Ministry of Propaganda in Bucharest or the Commandant of the River Police at the port. Either could identify us, I pointed out. He replied that he regretted that we had been subject to delay, but that we would be allowed to go as soon as he had made the necessary
The kids are all right.
telephone calls. It was all smiles and thanks as we bowed ourselves out. A matter of minutes, we thought. 

The guard led us back to another section of the building and put us in a little room with two narrow benches down the side and a heavy desk nailed to the floor in one corner. The window was barred. There were several Roumanians sitting on the benches, but none of them paid any attention to us. We sat down to wait. An hour later we were still waiting. 

I began to feel restless and irritated. I opened the door and walked down the hall toward the big shot’s office to see if I could stir him into action. I was intercepted by my friend in the khaki uniform and steered back to my little room, where Rosa and I waited for another half hour. Then she went foraying through the building, but the guard led her right back. We were both beginning to get sore. Another hour and no news. It was late and our plans for the day were completely disrupted. Mad clear through I started down the hall again.

My khaki uniformed pal met me about ten steps from the door of our room, grabbed my arm and started to pull me back. I didn’t feel like being led, and he annoyed me anyway. I yanked my arm free. He grabbed at it again.

“Just a minute,” I growled at him. “You’re pushing around an American citizen, and you’re going to get your nose smeared all over your dirty face in about another ten seconds.”
He didn’t understand the words, of course, but the tone must have given him a pretty good idea of what I was driving at. He flared right back at me, shouted Roumanian some more, pointed back to the cell.

All at once it clicked. I hadn’t realized before that we were really prisoners. 

“OK,” I said, deciding that I had better take it easy. “I’ll go back, but you telephone Bucharest.” I repeated Bucharest about five times and made the motions of telephoning. He looked as stupid as ever. Then I turned around and started back to the cell. Evidently feeling that he had me on the run, the dirty-faced dope made a lunge for my arm.
That was one too many. I let him have it with my elbow in his stomach and he grunted. By the time he straightened up I was in the doorway and facing him. He took a couple of steps toward me, so I cocked my right and started jiggling my left around a la Freddie Steele. He moved one step closer and I was all set to let him have a right when I saw a soldier coming down the passage. Roumanian bayonets are 18 inches long, so I decided to sit down. My pal slammed the door.

About an hour later he came back and looked in. I was foxy this time. Instead of making any passes at him, I whipped out my pen and notebook, walked over to him, and bending quite close looked at the numbers on his uniform collar. Then I wrote the figure down in the notebook.

It worked. He decided maybe I was someone important. With a dazed look in his eyes he clicked the door shut and we could hear him hurrying down the hall. In a minute or two he returned to show us back into the big shot’s room. I decided to follow through on the act. I raved and ranted in English for about ten minutes, and finally subsided into German and French to tell the braided boy behind the desk just what I thought of officials in general, him in particular, and nincompoops as a class. I larded my talk with enough references to America and President Roosevelt to make him think that he must have at least the vice-president in his office.

It was only half effective. I think I convinced him that he had made a mistake, but I didn’t make him believe that he should make an exception. He had to check up some more. The commandant of the port, he said, had been transferred. The Harbormaster had no record of us. He hadn’t phoned Bucharest. We would have to spend the night in the jail and then we would be released after he had phoned Bucharest in the morning.
At that, I went into my song and dance again. We were not spending a night in jail. I called upon the Greek Gods, the Supreme Court, the Constitution and the Marines. I screamed and yelled and beat my chest like Tarzan calling his apes. Finally he gave up.
“You may stay at the hotel,” he said. “You may phone Bucharest yourselves tonight and see if you can get one of your friends to identify you.”


With that I subsided. It was too late to fold up the kayak, so we might as well stay. We were given a guard to go to the hotel with us. On the way we passed a telephone station and put through a call to our best friend in the propaganda department. This official at once asked to speak to our guard. We took great delight in watching him reel under a tremendous verbal attack at long range. By the time that conversation was over, we were persons of importance in Giurgiu. We weren’t even guarded at the hotel room, and this morning we were escorted to the river where we found the Romur intact.

Our troubles had decided us that we’d never get to the Black Sea in the five days we have to spare, so we folded up the kayak and came back to Bucharest. We expect to start home on the fifteenth.

As ever,
Murray


Sunday, September 19, 2010

19 September 1939, Paris -- "It will take longer now"


The Morgans and Daniels reached Paris from Bucharest two weeks after France declared war on Germany, and several months before the actual German invasion. Known in English as the Phoney War, this period was called la drĂ´le de guerre in French, a joke of a war. Obviously it wasn't a joke for Poland, but France was still predicting that the Nazis would not make it to Paris.

Dear Frank [Sadler]:

Only a few blue lights are burning in the Gare de Lyon. The windows of the station are painted black. Stacks of sandbags are piled around key pillars in the big building. About fifty feet from the baggage wagon on which I am sitting, a group of nuns are ladling soup for refugees from the outlying districts. Why women and children should be brought into Paris is more than I can guess. There must be a hundred guards in the stations. Stretched out beside our luggage on the platform below me, Rosa is catching up on lost sleep.

This is our fourth day out of Bucharest. Ordinarily the trip to Rotterdam would take about 48 hours, but that would mean a trip through Germany. When we succeeded in getting tickets on the Holland-America line from Rotterdam to New York, we thought it might be possible to go by way of Berlin, but the consul at Bucharest wouldn’t even consider issuing a visa. Consequently we have had to make a detour half way around Europe: through Jugoslavia, Italy and France. By now we agree with Sherman about war. 

Rosa with the bagged up boat, May 1939
When we left England Rosa and I were travelling with exceptionally little baggage. We had our portable typewriter, a duffle bag and a small grip. By the time we were ready to leave Roumania, the situation was different. In the first place there was our boat, the Romur. It was in two big bags, one of which resembled a fat laundry sack and the other an overgrown golf bag. Then we had a cheap but enormous suitcase loaded with souvenirs, camping odds and ends we couldn’t bear to throw away, books, newspapers, napkins, a sun hat, a broken flashlight, and a Roumanian nightgown. Or course we still had the little grip, the duffle bag and the typewriter. The crowning touch, however, was the pottery with the blanket wrapped around it. While we were in Rucar, we saw the peasants making enormous wool blankets. They sheared the sheep, carded the wool, made the thread, wove the blankets, dyed them and combed them. We bought one. In Bucharest we found a little shop where we could buy peasant pottery for ridiculously low prices—so we bought a complete tea set. With the blanket tied around the ceramics for protections, Rosa has coddled that tea set halfway across Europe now. 

Adding to our baggage woes have been our travelling companions. Although half-back Paul, our fellow American, is travelling light, our Australian friend and his wife have fifteen suitcases between them. He has all the goods he accumulated in three years away from home while she, a refugee from Germany, has everything she ever owned. 

We left Bucharest on the fifteenth at 11 a.m. It took two taxis, crammed unbelievably full, to get us and our baggage to the station. European third class couches are divided into compartments designed to seat eight or sixteen. We piled into one for eight, managed to arrange our baggage so that we could find seats afterwards, and then locked the door. We refused to open it until the train was well under way.

Everything went smoothly until about one o’clock the next morning. By that time we were in the middle of Jugoslavia. Then the train stopped at a squalid little station and we were told we had to change trains. Paul opened a window while Howard and I dashed out to the platform. Then he passed the bags out to us. The porters came to help, were refused because we had no extra money for tips, and stayed to admire. It was like one of the old fashioned comedies in which fifteen men got out of an Austin. The poor porters almost dislocated their jaws, their mouths fell open so far as bag after bag poured from the window. We had an hour and a half’s wait in a pouring rain before our train puffed into the station. It was impossible to find a compartment to ourselves this time, so after stowing the baggage as well as we could, and finding seats for the girls, Paul and I alternated at pacing the hall until the train pulled into Zagreb at eight in the morning. From then on we had the compartment to ourselves until we reached Trieste at about noon.

We had three hours in Trieste, so we went sightseeing. Down at the waterfront we scandalized the natives by going wading. In several places I tried to cash an American Express Check, but no bank was open during the lunch hours. When we returned to the station we had to fight for seats on the train to Venice, but managed, by wild flailing of the Romur’s paddles and accidental dropping of small bags onto other passengers’ heads, to get a compartment to ourselves.

In Venice we paused long enough to change trains and to catch a glimpse of garbage and gondolas by the Grand Canal. Rosa and Howard gave us a real scare by almost missing the train. There was an awkward wait in Milan—from 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. The benches in the waiting room were crowded so we slept on the floor. Rosa, Howard and I went to see the cathedral at 5 a.m. and almost missed the train.

At Torino there was an especially long way to shift baggage between trains, so we stole a porter’s wagon, loaded the luggage onto it, and started to move. Then the porter saw us. The repercussions were nearly international. All the porters and the station cops gathered around to stick out their chins like little Duces and their hands like any porters. After screaming like wounded eagles for ten minutes we finally settled for 5 lira, telling the porters to apply the rest to Italy’s war debt to us. 

No sooner did we cross the French border than that French secret service grabbed us. We were led into a little room in the station and a gaunt and Gallic man with an enormous nose began to question us. At first we thought our visas, acquired in Roumania after a two day fight with the U.S. and French consular officials, were no good, but it developed that the Intelligence Officer wanted to know if we had noticed anything about troop movements in Italy. We told him all that we knew and in return he waived customs examination for us. 

The trip from the border to Paris should take six hours. We were on the way for nearly two days! There were four changes of trains, four fights with porters, a mad scramble for forgotten baggage, and several interesting talks with a little Scotch lady who was doing refugee work in Poland when the war started.

Adding to our fun has been the fact that we ran out of money in Italy. Actually we are not broke for I have an American Express Check and Howard a Cook’s Traveller Cheque, but nobody is willing to cash them for us. With the last of our Italian money we brought fruit, bread and jam. The fruit and jam are all gone, but we still have a little bread. There is a penalty for mentioning food in our compartment. 

"The morning papers are full of the news of the Russian invasion of Poland. We heard of that for the first time from the French official at the Italian border. None of us can figure it out and we’ve decided to study surrealism rather than international politics. At least surrealism isn’t supposed to make much sense."
We pulled into Paris about five hours ago, and while the Australian and his wife slept, Rosa, Paul and I went for a walk around the darkened city. The streets are not completely dark. Every other light is painted blue and left burning. There are guards on all the bridges and near each important building. Surprisingly few of the buildings have sandbag protection and there are no balloon-barrage sausages floating around. We saw no anti-aircraft guns, but all of the windows in the stores are webbed with tapes, which is supposed to keep them from breaking in case of an explosion nearby.

The morning papers are full of the news of the Russian invasion of Poland. We heard of that for the first time from the French official at the Italian border. None of us can figure it out and we’ve decided to study surrealism rather than international politics. At least surrealism isn’t supposed to make much sense. The people we have talked to are angry and disappointed about the Russian defection, but they still feel that they can and must beat Hitler. The most common statement we have heard is: 

“It will take longer now.”

Our train is supposed to leave at 9 a.m. for Brussels. We hope it won’t be much longer now.

As ever,